Apiculture and management of associated vegetation by the maya of Tixcacaltuyub,Yucatán,México

We present the results of field work and a series of interviews with Mayan beekeepers, in order to answer the following questions: (i) Which factors are relevant when establishing an apiary? (ii) How do Mayans choose the melliferous flora? (iii) How do Mayans manage the vegetation surrounding their apiaries? and (iv) What is their knowledge of flowering phenology and honey production cycle? Apiary establishment depends on: no apiaries established at a minimum distance of 3 km; water availability (i.e., “Haltunes”); direct access to roads; combination of old and young vegetation (particularly abundance of Gymnopodium floribundum). Melliferous flora is classified according to quality and quantitity of the honey produced; 34 species are considered important at different times of the year. Finest honey and arger quantities are obtained from G. floribundum, followed by Viguiera dentata; the worst honey is from Lysiloma latisiliquum. Management of vegetation is minimum, mainly cutting plants that could impede growing of important melliferous, or protecting ( = not cutting) the latter; nevertheless, some of the most important melliferous are dominant in the vegetation. Their knowledge of flowering phenology and production cycle are quite complex. We discuss the problems the beekeepers are facing in regards to forest clearing, commercialization of produces, etc.     

Blight of conifer seedlings caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides

In a growth chamber experiment, 70-day-old seedlings of 10 conifer species were inoculated with Colletotrichum gloeosporioides conidia to determine the host range of the fungus. Based on the percentage of seedlings affected and the disease severity on individual seedlings, the order of most to least susceptibility was: western hemlock (WH), mountain hemlock, western larch, Sitka spruce, Engelmann spruce, Douglas-fir (coastal form, then interior form), white spruce and ponderosa pine; lodgepole pine and western red cedar remained unaffected. Inoculation of WH needles showed that within 24 h C. gloeosporioides conidia germinate and appressoria (penetration structures) form. A growth chamber study demonstrated that the pathogen can infect WH at needle wetness periods as short as 15 min; number of needles affected was higher at 0.5 h, but did not increase further even when wetness was extended up to 8 h. The results are discussed in relation to blight management of greenhouse-grown conifer seedlings.Portion of a Bachelor of Science (Honors) thesis, Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia.     

合理年采伐量信息管理系统

为了配合“十一五”期间年森林采伐限额的编制工作,开发了合理年采伐量信息管理系统,本系统对于未来我国森林资源的经营管理和林业建设有着重要意义。以科学发展观和可持续发展的理念统领和指导编限工作,立足资源、国情、林情,求真务实,统筹协调,编制出符合我国实际、科学、合理的“十一五”期间的年森林采伐限额。本系统是对采伐限额的编制的全自动管理,实现了从数据输入、校对、档案管理、统计计算、打印输出一体的信息管理,各级间的数据也可通过磁盘或网络传输,大大地提高了信息的实效性和准确性。     

Kebon tatangkalan: a disappearing agroforest in the Upper Citarum Watershed,West Java,Indonesia

A comprehensive study was carried out on a typical indigenous agroforestry system, called kebon tatangkalan, in the changing agricultural landscape of the Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java, Indonesia. The main objectives of the study are to elucidate the structural patterns, multidimensional functions, and dynamics of this multi-layered agroforest. The study has identified 12 groups of different plant assemblages indicating that this type of agroforest contributes considerably to the heterogeneity of the agricultural landscape in the study area. Multivariate analysis suggests that elevation and slope are the biophysical factors that correlate most significantly with the distribution of plant species in kebon tatangkalan. The presence of this man-made vegetation is currently declining from the landscape due to population growth and rapid regional economic development. Serious effort to revitalize this traditional agroforest is needed to prevent its disappearance. Introduction of highly productive species and establishment of integrated policies in regional land-use planning and management are measures that should be taken into account in preserving this traditional agroforestry system.     

榕树造型初探

介绍了造型榕树的种类和榕树的造型类型,并阐述榕树整形修剪措施和造型榕养护管理的方法。     

大屏嶂森林公园道路下边坡裸露地覆绿研究

大屏嶂森林公园应该是具有和谐性、稳定性和统一性的生态园区，在建设过程中对原有植被的破坏要及时恢复，以促进生物群落的形成，加速生物群落的演替进程，促进生物群落向稳定的方向发展。本文采用土壤改良、优先选择速生树种和乡土树种等方法对森林公园道路下边坡裸露地复绿开展了研究。种植两年后裸露地已郁闭，并形成了具乔木、灌木与草本三个层次的植物群落。     

Establishment and growth of coniferous seedlings in an altered forest floor after long-term exclusion of deer

We evaluated differences between the forest floors and the establishment and growth of coniferous seedlings in fenced (13 years) and unfenced plots on Mt Ohdaigahara where the sika deer (Cervus nippon) population density is high. Large coniferous seedlings (height > 0.05 m) were less abundant in the unfenced plot, as a result of deer browsing. Small coniferous seedlings (height < 0.05 m), however, were more abundant in the unfenced plot, where most seedlings of Abies homolepis were found on bare ground and those of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis were found on buttresses and fallen logs. The large area of bare ground in the unfenced plot was caused by deer browsing. Deer therefore have an indirect effect on the emergence and growth of small coniferous seedlings by modifying the forest floor.     

湖南油茶林不同经营措施对生物产量的影响

在湖南省桃源县理公镇泥头山60年生油茶林内，按不同经营措施，采用三阶抽样法，测定标准株的枝、干、叶、果的鲜重，并进行回归计算，研究在不同经营措施油茶林中各器官生物量分配、地上部分各器官的生长关系及垂直结构，结果为“三保”地油茶林果实生产率最高。     

论近于自然的苗圃管理方法及其实践意义

介绍了近于自然的苗圃管理方法，分析了它与传统苗圃经营管理方法的不同之处，并对其试验和实践意义进行了初步探讨，指出它培育的苗木所具有的环境适应能力更能满足林业生产和发展的需要，提出我省苗圃建设中引入这种方法的必要性。     

香椿栽培技术

作者根据多年的实践经验，总结了香椿的栽培技术，包括采种、播种、育苗、种植、管理、病虫害防治及菜用林培育等技术。